How to relate the angle of a cannon to the height of the destination of the cannonball. Sebastian Münster, Rudimenta mathematica (Basel: Henricus Petri, 1551), Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Alte Drucke und Rara, T 131, p. 29.
Measuring the height of a tower with a quadrant. Sebastian Münster, Rudimenta mathematica (Basel: Henricus Petri, 1551), Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Alte Drucke und Rara, T 131, p. 6.
Quadrant. Sebastian Münster, Cosmographia (First edition Bale 1544, here: Basel: Henricus Petrus, 1550), Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Alte Drucke und Rara, K 98, p. 18.
Albrecht Dürer, Unterweisung oder Underrichtung der Messung, in: Opera (Arnhem: Johann Jansen, 1604), Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Alte Drucke und Rara, ZB XXII, D. III.
A magnet placed in a vessel moves the vessel towards north. This movement can be changed by another magnet. Drawing in the translation of Peregrinus’ letter made by Filippo Pigafetta (1533-1604), manuscript: Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, published by Sturlese*, p. 50.
First the sky (the celestial), then the earth. The sky serves as a model for understanding and measuring the earth. Peter Apian (1495–1552) explains how the transfer is done. One aspect of his book is “geography” as a measuring descripition of the earth (as a globe). This leads to measurement and representation of different spots of the earth in the so called “chorography”. This is the representation of space in a local dimension which is not affected by the curvature of the earth. The earth relates to the head as well as a local spot relates to the eye and the ear. Gemma Frisius (1508-1555) comments on this: Cosmographia (Antverpiae; Ioannis Bellerum, 1584), Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Alte Drucke und Rara, Ry 245, p. 2-3.
Instrument for measuring the heigth of the celestial pole. Peter Apian (1495-1552) discusses the use of compasses for a description of the world and map making. Gemma Frisius (1508-1555) comments on this. The book (first 1540) illustrates the impact of astronomical instruments in training human vision and focusing on pointers: Cosmographia (Antverpiae; Ioannis Bellerum, 1584), Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Alte Drucke und Rara, Ry 245, p. 10.
Leonhard Zubler, goldsmith and instrument maker in Zurich (1563-1609) used the magnetic needle for geographic measuring. See: Albert Kloss, Geschichte des Magnetismus (Berlin: vde, 1994), S. 92, here presentation of a new instrument, Leonhart Zubler, Kurtzer und gruntlicher Bericht von dem neüwen geometrischen Instrument oder Triangel, auss einem Thurn alle Tieffe, Weytte und Höche zu messen: mit etlichen Kupfferstucken darbey / durch Leonhart Zubler, Burger und Goldschmid zu Zürych (Zürych: Rudolff Weyssenbach, 1603), Zentralbibliothek Zürich, Alte Drucke und Rara, 18.564,2, Title.
